Chapter 5 United Nation And Its Organization Class 12 Political Science 2021-2022 CBSE Notes & PDF

Pakistan

• The first military rule in Pakistan took place under General Yahya Khan. The reason for this was the popular dissatisfaction against the rule of General Ayub Khan.
• After this, a government was formed under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1971 to 1977.
• Bhutto Government was removed by General Zia-ul-Haq but had to face pro-democracy movement from 1982 onwards.
• Again in 1988 an elected democratic government was established under Benazir Bhutto but had to face competition from the Pakistan People’s Party and the Muslim League.
• Army stepped in again and General Pervez Musharraf removed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. General Musharraf got himself elected as the President in 2001.
• There were several factors which led to the failure of Pakistan in building a stable democracy.
• At present, again a democratic form of government is ruling the country under Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.

India-Pakistan Conflicts

• After independence, both India and Pakistan got involved in issue related to Kashmir. It led to wars in 1947-48 and 1965 which failed to settle the matter.
• Both the countries face conflict over strategic issues like the control of the Siachen glacier and over acquisition of arms.
• Both the countries continue to be suspicious of each other over security issue.
• Another issue of conflict among the two countries is over the sharing of river waters of Indus river system.
• The two countries are not in agreement over the demarcationjine in Sir Creek in the Rann ofKutch.

Bangladesh

• Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971. But it started protesting against the domination of Western Pakistan and the imposition of Urdu Language.
• A popular struggle against West Pakistani dominance was led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
• In 1970 election, the Awani league under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won all seats but the government dominated by the West Pakistani leadership refused to convene the assembly.
• The Pakistani army tried to suppress the movement which led to a large number of migration to India.
• The Indian Government supported the demands of people of East Pakistan and helped them. This led to a war with Pakistan in 1971. Bangladesh was formed as an independent country after the end of war.
• A Constitution was adopted by Bangladesh declaring faith in secularism, democracy and socialism. But government under Sheikh Mujibur amended the Constitution and formed Presidential form of government.
• Sheikh Mujibur was assassinated and a military rule was established under Ziaur Rahman. He was also assassinated and the rule of Lt Gen H.M. Ershad started this continuing the military rule.
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• A pro-democratic movement was again started which led to election in 1991. Since then representative democracy based on multi-party elections has been working in Bangladesh.

Nepal

• Nepal was a Hindu Kingdom in the past but later changed into a constitutional monarchy for many years.
• In the wake of a strong pro-democracy movement the king accepted the demand for a new democratic Constitution in 1990.
• There was a conflict among the democrats, maoists and monarchist forces which led to the abolition of parliament and dismissal of government in 2002 by the king.
• Again in 2006, after a pro-democratic movement, the king was forced to restore the House of Representatives.